هيكل ومبدأ نظام إدارة البطارية.
The battery management system (BMS), namely Battery Management System, determines the state of the whole battery system by detecting the state of every single battery in the battery pack, and carries on the corresponding control adjustment and strategy implementation to the power battery system according to their state, to realize the charge and discharge management of the power battery system and each unit to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power battery system.
ينقسم الهيكل الطبولوجي النموذجي لنظام إدارة البطارية بشكل أساسي إلى جزأين: وحدة التحكم الرئيسية ووحدة التحكم التابعة. على وجه التحديد ، يتكون من وحدة المعالجة المركزية (وحدة التحكم الرئيسية) ، ووحدة الحصول على البيانات ، ووحدة الكشف عن البيانات ، ووحدة وحدة العرض ، ومكونات التحكم (جهاز الصمامات ، والمرحل) ، وما إلى ذلك. بشكل عام ، يتم تحقيق اتصال معلومات البيانات بين الوحدات النمطية باستخدام تقنية ناقل CAN الداخلية.
الوظائف الأساسية لنظام إدارة البطارية.
يمكن تقسيم الوظائف الأساسية لأنظمة إدارة البطارية إلى ثلاثة أجزاء: الكشف والإدارة والحماية. على وجه التحديد ، يتضمن وظائف مثل الحصول على البيانات ، ومراقبة الحالة ، والتحكم المتوازن ، والإدارة الحرارية ، وحماية الأمان ، وما إلى ذلك.
(ثانيا) تحليل الدولة.
يتضمن تحليل حالة البطارية بشكل أساسي جانبين: الشحنة المتبقية للبطارية ودرجة تقادم البطارية ، أي تقييم SOC وتقييم SOH. يسمح SOC للسائقين بالحصول على معلومات مباشرة حول تأثير الطاقة المتبقية على الأميال. في المرحلة الحالية ، تركز الكثير من الدراسات على تحليل SOC ، وتحسين دقتها باستمرار. سوف يتأثر تحليل SOC بـ SOH. يتأثر SOH للبطارية باستمرار بدرجة الحرارة والتيار في عملية الاستخدام ، لذلك يجب تحليلها باستمرار لضمان دقة تحليل SOC.It is very difficult to measure SOC accurately at this stage, for example, the inaccuracy of sampling data caused by sensor accuracy and electromagnetic interference leads to the deviation of state analysis. In addition, the inconsistency of the battery, the historical data and the uncertainty of the operating conditions also have a great impact on the calculation of SOC.
(III) balanced control.
Due to the influence of manufacturing and working environment, the cell unit is inconsistent, and there are differences in voltage, capacity, internal resistance and other properties, resulting in different effective capacity and charge and discharge capacity of each single cell in the actual use process. Therefore, in order to ensure the overall performance of the battery system and prolong the service life, it is very necessary to balance the battery in order to reduce the difference between single cells.
Balanced management contributes to the maintenance of battery capacity and the control of discharge depth. If there is no balanced control of the battery, due to the protection function setting of the battery management system, there will be a phenomenon that when a single battery is fully charged, other batteries are not fully charged, or when the discharge of a single battery with minimum power is cut off, the other batteries have not reached the discharge cut-off limit. Once the battery is overcharged or overdischarged, some irreversible chemical reactions will occur in the battery, which will affect the properties of the battery, thus affecting the service life of the battery.
According to the circuit structure and control mode in equalization management, the former is divided into centralized equalization and distributed equalization, and the latter is divided into active equalization and passive equalization. Centralized equalization means that all battery units in the battery pack share a single equalizer for equalization control, while distributed equalization is an equalizer dedicated to one or more battery cells. The former has the advantages of simple and direct communication and fast equalization speed. However, the arrangement of the wire harness between the battery unit and the equalizer is complex, so it is not suitable for the battery system with a large number of units. The latter can solve the harness problem of the former, but the disadvantage is the high cost.
Active equilibrium, also known as non-dissipative equilibrium, image theory is the energy transfer between battery units. The energy in the cell with high energy is transferred to the monomer with low energy to achieve the purpose of energy balance. The passive type is dissipative equilibrium, which consumes the energy of the high-energy monomer to a state of equilibrium with other monomers by means of parallel resistance. Active equilibrium is efficient and energy is transferred rather than consumed, but the complex structure leads to an increase in cost.
IV) Thermal management.
Battery system in different operating conditions because of its own internal resistance, in the output power, electric energy at the same time to generate a certain amount of heat, resulting in heat accumulation to increase the battery temperature, different space layout makes the battery temperature is not consistent. When the battery temperature exceeds its normal operating temperature range, the power must be limited, otherwise the battery life will be affected. In order to ensure the electrical performance and life of the battery system, the power battery system is generally designed with a thermal management system. The battery thermal management system is a set of management system used to ensure that the battery system works in a suitable temperature range, which is mainly composed of battery box, heat transfer medium, monitoring equipment and so on.
The main function of the battery management system in thermal management is to accurately measure and monitor the battery temperature. When the battery temperature is too high, the effective heat dissipation and ventilation are used to ensure the uniform distribution of the battery temperature field. Under the condition of low temperature, the battery pack can be heated quickly to achieve a normal working environment.
(V) Security and protection.
As the most important function of the whole battery management system, safety protection is based on the first four functions. It mainly includes overcurrent protection, overcharge and discharge protection, overtemperature protection and insulation monitoring.
(1) overcurrent protection.
Because the battery has a certain internal resistance, when the battery is working, the current flow will cause the internal heat of the battery, and the increase of heat accumulation leads to the increase of the battery temperature, which leads to the decrease of the thermal stability of the battery. For lithium-ion battery, the de-intercalation ability of positive and negative electrode materials is certain. When the charge and discharge current is greater than its de-intercalation capacity, the polarization voltage of the battery will increase, and the actual capacity of the battery will decrease and affect the service life of the battery. In serious cases, it will affect the safety of the battery. The battery management system will judge whether the current value exceeds the safety range, and if it exceeds it, it will take corresponding safety protection measures.
(2) overcharge and overdischarge protection.
In the charging process, when the charging voltage exceeds the battery cutoff charging voltage, the positive lattice structure will be destroyed and the battery capacity will become smaller. And when the voltage is too high, it will cause the hidden danger of explosion in the positive and negative pole short circuit. Overcharging is strictly prohibited. BMS detects the voltage of a single battery in the system, and when the voltage exceeds the charging limit, BMS disconnects the charging circuit to protect the battery system.
In the process of discharge, when the discharge voltage is lower than the battery discharge cut-off voltage, the metal collector on the negative electrode of the battery will be dissolved, causing irreversible damage to the battery. When charging an overdischarged battery, there is the possibility of internal short circuit or leakage. When the voltage exceeds the discharge limit voltage, the BMS will open the circuit to protect the battery system.
(3) overtemperature protection.
For over-temperature protection, it needs to be combined with the above thermal management functions. Battery activity varies at different temperatures. When exposed to high temperature for a long time, the structural stability of battery materials will become worse and shorten the battery life. The limitation of battery activity at low temperature will reduce the available capacity, especially the charging capacity will become very low, and may cause safety risks. The battery management system can prohibit charging and discharging when the battery temperature exceeds the high temperature limit or is lower than the low temperature limit.
(4) Insulation monitoring.
Insulation monitoring function is also one of the important functions to ensure the safety of battery system. The voltage of the battery system is usually several hundred volts, and once the leakage occurs, it will be dangerous to the personnel, so the insulation monitoring function is very important. BMS will monitor the insulation resistance of the total positive and negative to the body iron in real time. If the insulation resistance is lower than the safe range, the fault will be reported and the high voltage will be disconnected.
System design and technical requirements.
عند تصميم نظام إدارة البطارية ، نحتاج أولاً إلى تحديد وظيفة BMS وفقًا لمتطلبات التصميم للمركبة بأكملها ، ثم تحديد هيكلها ، متبوعًا بتصميم البرامج والأجهزة للعمل الرئيسي. بعد الانتهاء من العمل الأساسي أعلاه ، نحتاج إلى إجراء اختبار وحدة BMS والاختبار الشامل لحزمة بطارية الطاقة. قبل تصميم البرامج والأجهزة ، يجب اختبار الشحن والتفريغ والسعة والمقاومة والخصائص الأخرى للبطارية المفردة من أجل حماية تصميم الدائرة وتصميم الخوارزمية بشكل أفضل وما إلى ذلك.
يجب دمج تصميم الأجهزة مع متطلبات خوارزميات البرامج ، ويجب الانتباه إلى عزل الجهد ، والتداخل الكهرومغناطيسي المضاد ، والتوافق الكهرومغناطيسي ، وعزل الاتصالات ، والتهوية وتبديد الحرارة في تطوير لوحات الدوائر الكهربائية وتصميم المكونات. تشمل وظائف تصميم البرامج العامة اكتشاف الجهد ، واكتساب درجة الحرارة ، والكشف عن التيار ، وكشف العزل ، وتقدير SOC ، واتصالات CAN ، ووظيفة معادلة التفريغ ، ووظيفة الاختبار الذاتي للنظام ، ووظيفة اكتشاف النظام ، وإدارة الشحن ، والإدارة الحرارية وما إلى ذلك.
يدعم تصميم الأجهزة ذات الصلة وظائف تصميم البرنامج ، مثل استخدام وحدة MCU لجمع البيانات وتحليلها ، وإرسال واستقبال إشارات التحكم ، ووحدة الكشف الحالية هي جمع تيار الشحن والتفريغ لحزمة البطارية أثناء عملية الشحن والتفريغ.
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